How long did you go between water changes? What size tank is it? What fish are in it?
In general, water changes do not kill healthy fish. I suspect that the water had become extremely polluted and the fish were both acclimated to the bad water, and were also made quite weak by it. Very old tank water will tend to go through terrible PH swings as well. So, when you changed the water, you dramatically altered the chemistry of the water (arguably for the better), but because your fish were weakened, they did not survive the shock.